Bidirectional charging, or V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) is a technology that allows electric vehicles (EVs) to not only draw power from the grid but also feed it back. This innovation promises to revolutionize energy management and grid stability. However, despite its potential, widespread adoption faces several hurdles.
In 2026, the landscape of bidirectional charging in Europe is a mix of promising developments and persistent challenges. While pilot projects and specific offers are emerging, the technology is far from being universally accessible. This article delves into the current state of bidirectional charging, highlighting the progress made and the obstacles that need to be overcome.
Current Offerings and Pilot Projects
One of the most notable examples of bidirectional charging in action is the collaboration between BMW and E.ON. Owners of the BMW iX3 can earn up to €720 per year by connecting their vehicle to a bidirectional wallbox. E.ON pays €0.24 per hour of connection, turning the EV into a mobile energy storage unit. This initiative demonstrates the potential of V2G technology to generate revenue for both users and energy providers.
However, such offerings are still rare. In Germany for instance, only 5.5% of measurement points are equipped with smart meters capable of managing bidirectional energy flows, according to the Bundesnetzagentur. This limited infrastructure is a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of V2G technology.
The Different Levels of Bidirectional Charging
Bidirectional charging encompasses several levels of technology maturity. V2L (Vehicle-to-Load) which allows EVs to power household appliances or tools, is already available on many models. This technology is mature but limited to small loads. V2H (Vehicle-to-Home) which enables energy exchange between the vehicle and the home’s electrical system, exists but is confined to specific setups, often tied to particular combinations of vehicles, wallboxes, and energy providers.
The most ambitious level, V2G which involves feeding energy back into the public grid, remains largely experimental. In Italy pilot projects coordinated by ENEA and Terna have successfully connected corporate fleets and car-sharing vehicles to the grid, proving the technology’s viability. However, these projects have not yet created a mass market.
Regulatory and Interoperability Challenges
The regulatory framework for bidirectional charging in Europe is evolving but remains incomplete. The Regolamento AFIR (Regolamento UE 2026/1804) in effect since April 13, 2026 sets requirements for the distance and power of charging stations but does not mandate bidirectional capabilities. An amendment to the ISO 15118-20:2026 standard, effective from August 5, 2026 introduces additional services for bidirectional and smart charging.
The Regolamento delegato (UE) 2026/656 further modifies the AFIR, requiring that from January 1, 2027 new public charging points support the updated standard. Despite these regulatory steps, the lack of a common language between manufacturers, grid operators, and energy providers remains a significant obstacle. Markus Hackmann Managing Director of P3 Group notes that current solutions often require specific combinations of vehicles, wallboxes, and electricity tariffs.
Marco Piffaretti Operating Agent of the Task 53 of the International Energy Agency emphasizes that the lack of multiparty interoperability is the primary barrier to scaling bidirectional charging. Proprietary solutions hinder free competition, and standardization is crucial for progress. Countries like China and Japan have already standardized their protocols with GB/T and Chademo respectively.
Future Prospects and Market Potential
The future of bidirectional charging looks promising, particularly for corporate fleets. These fleets offer predictable usage times and high energy volumes, making them ideal candidates for V2G technology. Pilot projects in Italy have focused on corporate fleets, demonstrating the economic viability of the model.
For private consumers, the integration of EVs with existing home storage systems is a medium-term prospect. As prices for stationary storage systems continue to fall, they become more competitive with mobile storage solutions. Companies like Ankersolix offer affordable home storage options, indicating a positive trend in the energy transition.
Regulatory frameworks, interoperability, and infrastructure development are critical areas that need attention. As the technology matures and standards are harmonized, bidirectional charging could become a mainstream feature of the energy landscape.
